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1. What is sociolinguistics? 

Answer: Sociolinguistics is the study of variation in Language, the way people use language in different social situations.Sociolinguists also study about dialect, which is the regional, social, or ethnic variation of a language. Sociolinguists study many other issues as well. For instance, they are regards of linguistic behavior, language standardization, and educational and governmental policies concerning language.

2. Why do we learn Sociolinguistics? 

Answer: Sociolinguistics is part of linguistics, as we know linguistics is study of language. So that's why we have to learn sociolinguistics. In sociolinguistics we learn about speech and society. For example in speech and society we learn about the way when talk like pronunciation, word choice, and grammar. And then we learn about dialects, actually we get dialect in naturally based on we live. Because dialects is the varities of the language characteristics of speakers. And Idiolects is a variation of language within a single speaker. So, we have to learn about sociolinguistics. 

3. What is the relation between Language and Society?

Answer: Language is the tool when we communicate with the other. In the society we can not speak without language. At least we are able to speak in one language like the national language or mother tongue. Language performs various functions in the society and the society does the same way. If one will not exist, the other one will be affected. So, the language and society have a relation. 

4. Please mention and explain the branches of Linguistics!

Answer: Linguistics is the science of language. It is the subject of the practitioners that is the way it is. They study the history, acquisition, structure, and use of as many languages ​​as possible.Branch of Linguistics: 

Phonetics is the field of linguistics that sounds the language of a sound meaning or different.phonetics divided into 3 type:
1.Articulatory phonetics or physiological phonetics.
 how to learn the mechanism of human speech for the tools to work in producing the sounds of the language, and how these sounds are classified. 
 
2.Accoustic phonetic
 learning the sounds of language as a physical event or natural phenomena, sounds that investigated the vibration frequency, amplitude, instensity, and timbre.

 3.Auditory phoneticshow to learn the mechanism of acceptance of the sounds of language by ear.

Phonology is a study of systematic relations between sounds, including contrast, positional variation, phonotactic, restrictions, and alternations.Phonetics illusions and the mistakes of language learners More about abstract than actual pronunciation. contrast and positional variation can be studied through phonemic analysis, which is a hallmark of a structualist approach. A phoneme is a unit of contrast (that is, a "family" of sounds that all "count as the same"). The allophones of a phoneme are the positional variants that make up the phoneme. 

Morphology is the study of the minimum meaningful units of language. it studies the structure of the words, however from a semantics viewpoint rather than from the viewpoint of sound. morphology is intimately related to syntax. for everything that is larger than a word is the domain of syntax. 

Syntax is the study of the structure of sentences, the principles, both universal and language specific, that govern how words are assembled to yield grammatical sentences.Syntax discussed about structure, function, categorized, and role of syntax, and then tools that use in build it. Units of syntax such as: word, phrase, clause, sentence and discouce

Lexicology is the science / studies on the shape, the history and the meaning of words. whereas in Arabic, lexicology is called Ilm-Ma'ajim, the study of the ins and outs of the dictionary.by language lexicology lexicon comes from the word that means: dictionary, the Qur'aan or the terms of a science.Semantics the study of the meaning of the word and fixed word combination, and how these combine to form the meanings of the sentence.Pragmatics the study of how uttenrances are used (litearaly, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts.Discourse Analysis the analysis of language use in text (spoken, written, or signed)Applied Linguistics concerned with the application of the concept in everyday life, including language teaching.

 5. What is standard language? Giving an example!

Answer: A standard language is a variety of language that is used by governments, in the media, in schools and for international communication. By using a standard language rather than a local variety. For example you will invariable reach a much wider aand audience.
  

6. Elaborating the Language, Dialect, amd Accent! 

Answer: Language is a tool to communicate with the other without language we can not speak. In language of course have a variety of Dialect and Accent. Why? Because dialect is a variety of language characteristics of groups of speakers. Or describes both a person's accent and the grammatical features of the way that person talks. And how about Accent the way that particular person or group of people sound. It's the way somebody pronounces words, the musicality of their speech, etc.
  

7. Giving an example of a formal language and informal language! 

Answer:  Informal: i can not speak english well
                Formal: i can not speak english well
                Informal: i do not believe that the result are accurate
                Formal: the result is not believed to be accurate 

8. What aspect of Language, are sociolinguistics interested in? 

Answer: Sociolinguistics are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social in different social contexts. And the effect of social factors such as social distance, social status, age, gender, and class. On language varieties (dialect, registers, genres, etc) and they are concerned with identifying the sociology of language and the way are used to convey social meanings. 

9. When two or more people from different languages ​​met and tried to communicate, what should they do?

 -Pidgin
 -Creole
 -Lingua Franca
Answer: They are use Pidgin, because A pidgin is a simplified version of one language that combines the vocabulary of a number of different languages. In Pidgin there is no native speaker. Pidgin is mixing of language and reduced grammar and vocabulary

 10. Why do people switch and mix a language?

Answer: Because the people want to say something in secret, want to look cool and smart, want to get something for you want to buy something in the market, you do not know about their language so thats why you have to mixing or switching. 

11. Giving an example of code Mixing and code Switching!

 Answer:

 Code Mixing

 A: Hi dude, where you wanna go?
 B: I want to go to cinema. You want join? 
A: Oh, go on. I wanna ask something .. 
B: yes. What it is?
A: Tomorrow you come home I yes, I made the event at home 
B: Ok .. tomorrow i come to your house. I invite my sister yes .. 
A: okay .. see you tommorow yes, do not forget ..

 Code Switching

A: About our appointment on Thursday, i dont think i'd be able to see you then 
B: Is there a problem? 
A: Its not big problem
B: If you do not mind, I would like to reschedule our appointment
A: Sure, anytime you're available 
B: what if i move it to Monday ?, are you busy then?
A: No, Monday is okay. 
B: Great. I hope you dont mind with this changes of schedu; e
A: Relax..no problem.

SEMANTIC

FOUR REVIEW ARTICLE'S

DESI NORI SAHPUTRI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Theories of Semantics: Merits and Limitations

Searcher 1: Saleh Mustafa Ramadan

From         : Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Searcher 2: Taleb I. Ababneh

From         : Irbid National University- Jordan, Irbid, Jordan.

Pages        : 9

B.      Content

               This article explain about some theories.

These theories are: referential theory of meaning, the non– referential theory of meaning and generative grammarian theory of meaning.

C.      Result/Finding

               Meaning is so intangible that one group of linguists, the structuralists, preferred not to deal with it or rely on it at all. To illustrate what we mean by the intangible quality of “meaning”, think of such words as “beauty”, “goodness”, “love”; it would be hard to find two people who agree absolutely on what each of these words implies.

             

Meaning as the Relationship between Words and Objects

Greek philosophers say that there is a relationship between words and objects. In other words, the best way of indicating the meaning of a word is to refer to the object represented by that word.

Meaning as a Triangular Relationship

The symbol is the spoken or written word; the reference is the information that the spoken or written shape of the word conveys to the reader/ hearer; and the referent is the thing or the object we talk about.

Bloomfield’s View of Meaning

Bloomfield (1933) stated that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning. He defined the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer.

The Non–Referential Theory of Meaning

The non–referential approach as suggested by its name doesn’t take into consideration the context of situations or the reference in determining what meaning is. There is a relationship between language and the outside world because language doesn’t exist in vacuum. Therefore, this may indicate a weakness in this theory.

The Generative Grammarian Theory

This approach was based on the assumption that syntactic rules operate independently of meaning. Chomsky and others believe that changing the active into passive structures does not change the meaning of the sentence.

D.     Strengthness and Weakness

Strength                : The author give many  theories of meaning ,it is clear for us to differentiate    of meaning.

Weakness            : The author just give theory but with little example

E.      Conclusion

The researcher has discussed the main of meaning ,their view about meaning is nearly the same as of the Greekphilosophers. The only new thing they added is that it is the human mind that links an object.

NABILA FIRDA ASY’ARI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Semantics and Theories of Semantics

Author      : Abbas Bukhari

Pages        : 15

B.      Content

This article shared how is language organized in order to be meaningful, and how a

speaker of English ever learns to use the word correctly.

C.      Result/ Findings

Semantics is that level of linguistic analysis

where meaning is analyzed. It is the most abstract level of linguistic analysis, since we

cannot see or observe meaning as we can observe and record sounds. Meaning is related

very closely to the human capacity to think logically and to understand. So when we try

to analyze meaning, we are trying to analyse our own capacity to think and understand,

our own ability to create meaning.

Taking up some of the above definitions of meaning, we can discuss the different aspects

of meaning o a word as follows :

1.The logical or denotative meaning. This is the literal meaning of a word indicating the idea or concept to which it refers. concept is a minimal unit ofmeaning which could be called a ‘sememe’ in the same way as the unit ofsound is called a ‘phoneme’ and is like the ‘morpheme h Is structure andorganisation. Just as the phoneme /b/ may be defined as a bilatial + voiced +plosive, the word ‘man’ may be defined as a concept consisting of a structure of meaning ‘human + male + adult’ expressed through the basic morphological unit ‘m + æ + n’. All the three qualities are logical attributes of which the concept ‘man’ is made.

2. The connotative meaning. This is the additional meaning that a concept carries. That is, apart from its logical or essential attributes, there is a furthermeaning attached to a word, which comes from its reference to other things in the real world.

3. The social meaning: This is the meaning that a word or a phrase conveys about the circumstances of its use. That is, the meaning of a word is understood according to the different style and situation in which the word is used, e.g. though the words ‘domicile’, ‘residence’, ‘abode’, ‘home’ all refer to the same thing (i.e. their denotative meaning is the same), each word belongs to a particular situation of use—’domicile’ is used in an official context, ‘residence’ in a formal context, ‘abode’ is a poetic use and ‘home’ is an ordinary use. Where one is used, the other is not seen as appropriate

4.The thematic meaning: This is the meaning which is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organises the message in terms of ordering, focus and emphasis. It is often felt, for example, that an active sentence has a different meaning from its passive equivalent although its conceptual meaning seems to be the same. In the sentences:

Mrs. Smith donated the first prize

The first prize was donated by Mrs. Smith

D.     Strengthness and Weakness

Strength : This article gives explanation based on daily activity and the author explanation of   meaning follow related semantic between phonology,i think it is easy to understand.

Weakness : This article make the readers to confused because the Author write his paper with carelessness

E.      Conclusion

Part of the difficulty in relating language to the external world may arise from the fact that the way in which we see the world is to some degree depends in the language we use. Since we categorize the objects of our experience with the aid of language, it may be the case that learning about the world and learning about language are activities that cannot be separated and that therefore our world is partly determined by our language.

ANNISA SEPTIANI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Modern Linguistics Semantics

Author      : Kate Kearns,Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics.

From         : University of Canterbury New Zealand.

Upload      : Pooja Saikia

B.      Content

This article mainly concentrate on literal meaning in the content of words and expressions which is fairly constant from one occasion of use to another. The study of linguistic meaning is generally divided in practice into two main fields,semantics and pragmatics. Semantics deals with the literal meaning of words and the meaning of the way they are combined, which taken together form the core of meaning, or the starting point from which the whole meaning of a particular utterance is constructed. Pragmatics This division can be roughly illustrated deals with all the ways in which literal meaning must be refined, enriched or extended to arrive at an understanding of what a speaker meant in uttering a particular expression.

C.      Result/Findings

This article present the kinds of meaning:

1.      Denotation and sense

The general point is that linguistic expressions are linked in virtue of their meaning to parts of the world around us, which is the basis of our use of language to convey information about reality. The denotation of an expression is the part of reality the expression is linked to.

The second way of giving the meaning of a word, commonly used in dictionaries, is to paraphrase it,

The most widely discussed form of the sense/denotation distinction is the means‘the blue train’ is to say that the French expression and the English expression have the same sense.sense/reference distinction. An expression which denotes just one individual is said to refer to that individual. Titles and proper names are common referring expressions

2.      Lexical and Structural Meaning

lexical meaning, which is the meaning of the individual words.

Structural meaning mainly comprises the meaning derived from the syntactic structure of an expression, for example: , which is the meaning of the way the words are combined.

3.      Categorematic expressions, which include the vast majority of words, are the descriptive words such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.

D.     Strengthness and Weakness

Strength : You can know more about modern linguistic especially semantics by read this. And the example is enough to make us understands. And there are some tips that have given by authors.

Weakness : this article too long and very tedious to read.

E.      Conclusion

From this article we know Current research suggests that the generalization expressed in any version of thematic roles theory is basically correct – arguments of verbs do fall into broad semantic classes, although the relevant classes are not always those identified by the traditional thematic relations introduced here.

Ratna Sari

A.      Demograph

Title          : Theories of Semantics: Merits and Limitations

Searcher 1: Saleh Mustafa Ramadan

From         : Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Searcher 2: Taleb I. Ababneh

From         : Irbid National University- Jordan, Irbid, Jordan.

Pages        : 9

B.      Content

This paper discussed semantic field, semantic relation and semantic components. It characterised the semantic field of ‘motor vehicles’ in terms of semantic component and discussed the advantages and disadvantages in the use of field relations and components to describe the meaning of words.

C.      Result/Findings

He solve of these question of the paper. The Question is:

a.       What do you understand by semantic field, semantic relation and semantic component?

b.      Characterize the semantic field of ‘motor vehicles’ in terms of semantic component.

c.       What advantages and disadvantages can you see in the use of field relations and components to describe the meaning of words?

Question 1: What do you understand by semantic field, semantic relation and semantic  component?

Semantic Field

Semantic field is a set of words or lexemes related in meaning; also called lexical field, field, or field of meaning. Most often, fields are defined by subject matter, such as body parts, landforms, diseases, colours, foods, or kinship relations.

The semantic field of 'water' could be divided into a number of subfields; in addition, there would appear to be a great deal of overlap between terms such as cove/harbour/bay.

There are lexical groups or components that made up semantic field :

1. Meronymy

A meronym is a word that denotes a constituent part or a member of something. For

example, apple is a meronym of apple tree; Finger is a meronym of hand.

2.      Sememe

A sememe is the name for the smallest unit of meaning recognized in semantics,

a single sememe (for example [go] or [move]) can be conceived as the abstract representation of such as verbs as skate, roll, jump, slide, skip or turn. 

Semantic Relations

Semantic relations or meaning relations are words that are semantically related to other words.

There are lexical groups or components that made up semantic relation :

1. Synonym

2.     Antonyms

3.     Polysemy

4.     Antagonymy

5.     Homonymy

6.     Hyponymy/hypernymy

D.     Stregth and Weakness

Strengthness: This paper is full of explanation and so many examples. The author had completed answer of that three question. You can get new understanding of semantics in here.

Weakness: So many difficult vocabularies so you must open your dictionary. But it will help you to improve your English.

E.      Conclusion

Semantic field can give us advantages and disadvantages,the advantages such as 1) Field relations and componential analysis can account for selectional restrictions imposed upon the occurrence of lexemes more explicitly  2)Field relations and components provide a wide spectrum of meaning of a lexeme thereby providing the linguistic contextual opportunity for hedging in communication. Disadvantages like Finding a specific meaning of a lexeme becomes difficult except on pragmatic ground where context of usage could help to deduce the meaning of a lexeme. For example, the lexeme ‘van’, how can we know what the speaker refers to; a pickup van, a caravan, wagon, army wing, or camper? Therefore meaning of a lexical item is inconsistent and might be misleading.

HYPERBOLES

USE OF HYPERBOLES IN ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS

Use of hyperboles in advertising effectiveness’’ published in the International Conference Redefining Community in Intercultural Context 2015 (RCIC’15)  by Oana Barbu-Kleitsch from Department of Faculty of Political Sciences, Philosophy and Communication, West University of Timisoara, Romania. She is practitioner as well as an academical researcher in Brand Communication and online PR since 2005.


This paper investigates one of the most common used figures of speech in the persuasive context of the advertising discourse. hyperbole is exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. One type of visual and textual figures that has been little analysed yet enjoys wide popularity in todays advertisement production, is Hyperbole. As a case study, the author will take into consideration the way hyperbole is used in alimentary and gustative imaginary of advertising production and effectiveness. Various causes of flowed perception of the message will be suggested briefly, as the question remains debatable : ‘’does the use of hyperboles fall short, meet or exceed subjects expectation. Is hyperbole used in advertising as a visual puffery or does it appeal to more?’’.
The purposes of this analysis is mainly to understand how a hyperbole works and what are its main features as a communication tool.
The author used qualitative research by interview and multiple choice, will be developed by semiotically interpreting a hyperbolised printed ad. Semiotic analysis are often made on the intrinsic decription and analysis of the message, which is considered to be in itself the carrier of means ,being the prior container of the significance.

Visual Rhetorics And The Use Of Hyperboles In Advertisements

This ad deviates from realistics representation in ads (such as ordinary products and their typical uses) by showing an augmented reality juxtaposed on a realistics character’s face, over his lips, chin and neck creates an optical (and intended designed) illusion, focusing viewers attention on this central point. As our group will show, consumers are unlikely to consider the ad as a blunder ; they have seen this type of communication tool used in advertisement before.

The exaggerated replacement of a human mouth in Figure 1 is so beyond belief that a logical mind would not take the claim seriously, but may influence his attention as the image can be appreciated for other reasons (aesthetically, contextually etc.).

SEMIOTIC FOCUS GROUP ANALYSIS

All the participants recognised the image as an advertising poster. A majority of 65,4% recognised this image as a visual representation or a visual persuasion image, confirming our assumed hypothesis that visual rhetorics is recognised and interpreted by its viewers. 30,8% of the participants deepened their interpretation by recognising the image to be the representation of hunger, only 3,8% of them misinterpreting the message as “fear”.
A majority of 96,2% recognised the focus point of the image to be the hyperbole used as a rhetorical figure, the oversized body art painted on the ad’s character being the stirking element of the image. Thus, the effectiveness of this hyperbole in drawing attention towards the ad can be confirmed.
The effectiveness of the ad was recognised by 80,7% from the total answers, 53,8% of them pointing out the striking design used in perceiving the message. Only 26,9% recognised that they would try the product after seeing the advertising poster, and a number of 11,5% listed this ad as exaggerated. Two participants listed that the ad has no effect on them, although, for the next question, both recognised the ad as being creative.

this results show that the visual cues and imagery in the selected ad are decoded, under certain conditions (targeted group, personal preferences, lifestyle) to result in product expectations that exceed actual product evaluations, suggesting the existence of visual hyperbole. Visual rhetorical figures are recognised and reinterpreted by their viewers in a specific context by making use of their personal experiences and preferences. Creativity is a key factor in creating visual rhetorical figures that carry a targeted message and can also impact the product choice process. this results cannot be generalised beyond the product's category nor beyond the consumer segments used in this study in the context of city print advertisements.

The strengthness of this article is the researcher uses simple and easy to understand by some examples and references. the weakness of this article is so many data the author used. The conclusion this article recommended to read and valid data to understand.

you can read original article in http://www.afahc.ro/ro/rcic/2015/rcic'15/PC/Barbu-Kleitsch.pdf

thankyou

SEMANTIC

                                           

 Defenition  of Semantic

                                                                                                                                                                             Semantic is a branch of linguistic course that study of meaning in language, there are sentence, utterance and proposition that will describe. In semantics it needs to make a careful distinction between utterances and sentences. In particular we need some way of making it clear when we are discussing sentences and when utterances. The definition of sentence is string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language. While an utterance is any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is a silence on the part of that person. Then about proposition, a proposition is part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs, in uttering a declarative sentence a speaker typically asserts a proposition